From the BoardStrategy, leadership and governance for FY 2027Read

What we do

Products

Products developed from our research.

Partner with us

Overview

Where a system we build to test a policy proves useful in its own right, we develop it into a product.

Some of our research involves building a working version of the system a policy proposal describes, so that we can test what the proposal would cost and whether it can be met in practice.

Where one of those systems proves useful in its own right, we develop it into a product and keep it running. Two of the products below were deployed under Perrin & Fidutam; Arvo is the first developed under Perrin Institution.

Our products

3 products

Partnerships

Pilot or integrate one of our products.

If your organisation runs a system that one of our products should work with, or you would like to pilot one, write to us with the product name in the subject line.

Get in touch

The evidence

The systems our products are built for.

Automated DecisionsAI-enabled medical devices authorised by the FDADevices per year
AI-enabled medical devices authorised by the FDA (Devices per year). Source: Stanford HAI.010020030020152016201720182019202020212022202320242025

Source: Stanford HAI, AI Index 2026, fig. 6.2.6 (FDA), April 2026 (9th edition). Redrawn from the AI Index public data, CC BY-ND 4.0. 2025 runs to September.

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Devices per year
20156
201618
201727
201865
201980
2020114
2021130
2022162
2023226
2024235
2025258
Automated DecisionsMedicare Advantage prior-authorisation requests denied% of requests, fully or partly
Medicare Advantage prior-authorisation requests denied (% of requests, fully or partly). Source: KFF.024682019202020212022202320247.7

Source: KFF, Medicare Advantage Insurers Made Nearly 53 Million Prior Authorization Determinations in 2024, 2026-01-28. 52.8 million determinations in 2024.

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% of requests, fully or partly
20195.7
20205.6
20215.8
20227.4
20236.4
20247.7
Privacy and DataUS data compromises reportedCompromises per year
US data compromises reported (Compromises per year). Source: Identity Theft Resource Center.01,0002,0003,0004,000202020212022202320242025

Source: Identity Theft Resource Center, 2025 Annual Data Breach Report, January 2026.

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Compromises per year
20201,107
20211,859
20221,798
20233,202
20243,152
20253,322
Privacy and DataGDPR fines imposed€ billion per year
GDPR fines imposed (€ billion per year). Source: CMS GDPR Enforcement Tracker.01232019202020212022202320242025

Source: CMS GDPR Enforcement Tracker, Enforcement over time, Last updated 2026-09-23 (3,275 cases, EUR 7,159,322,834 total).

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€ billion per year
20190.09
20200.17
20210.52
20220.84
20232.09
20241.24
20251.12
Cyber and Critical SystemsLosses reported to the FBI for internet crimeUS$ billion
Losses reported to the FBI for internet crime (US$ billion). Source: FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center.0102030202020212022202320242025

Source: FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center, 2025 IC3 Annual Report, April 2026. Public domain.

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US$ billion
20204.2
20216.9
202210.3
202312.5
202416.6
202520.877
Cyber and Critical SystemsExploited vulnerabilities added to CISA’s catalogVulnerabilities per year
  • All KEV additions
  • Of which: known ransomware use
Exploited vulnerabilities added to CISA’s catalog (Vulnerabilities per year). Source: CISA.020040060020222023202420252026 (to 22 Sep)

Source: CISA, Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog, Catalog as downloaded 2026-09-24 (latest dateAdded 2026-09-22; 1,721 entries). Public domain. Counted by year added; 2026 runs to 22 September.

View the data
All KEV additionsOf which: known ransomware use
2022555132
202318743
202418644
202524531
2026 (to 22 Sep)23727

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